ABSTRACT
Gelatin methacryloyl 3d mesh mimics the natural extracellular matrix which allow loading as promising drug delivery systems.However, insufficient mechanical and degradation properties remain the biggest obstacle for this material application. In this study, a modified hydrogel with natural phytochemical was developed to improve the antibacterial effect by the addition of ginger extract, a natural spicy used in traditional medicine. GelMA hydrogels with ginger extract were fabricated and their chemical and morphological characteristics were analyzed by Fourier transformer infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, structural characteristic were evaluated by compressive test and surface wettability analysis. S. mutans, S. aureus and P. gingivalis were used to confirm the antibacterial effect of the modified hydrogels. The FT-IR spectra of the hydrogels modified with ginger presented an increase in intensity of some peaks in comparison with the 10% GelMA hydrogel. The pores of ginger-modified hydrogels decreased it size which affected the hydrogels physical properties, decreasing the compressive modulus and increasing the durability, swelling ratio and, hydrophobicity of the surface. The ginger-modified hydrogels exhibited excellent antibacterial properties against S. mutans and S. aureus at high concentrations of ginger extract, while P. gingivalis presented a higher sensitivity at all tested concentrations. Hence, this study concludes that ginger-modified GelMA hydrogels presented better antibacterial effect, durability over time and, swelling stability.
ABSTRACT
Ginger has been used worldwide in traditional medicine. It has been reported that phenolic compounds such as gingerol and shogaol in ginger have beneficial cellular effect and antibacterial effect. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gingerol and shogaol on the cytocompatibility for the osteoblastic cells and antibacterial activity against oral microorganisms. Chemical structures of gingerol and shogaol were determined by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). Thermal and pH stability was analyzed by UPLC assay. Streptococcus mutans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis were used to confirm the antibacterial effect of the ginger compounds and MC3T3-E1 cells were used to identify biocompatibility test. Cell viability and bacterial growth was determined by water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-8) colorimetric assay. Cellular morphology was identified with optical microscope after crystal violet staining. Cell differentiation and oxidative stress were evaluated by Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay and hydrogen peroxide colorimetric assay. The chemical bonding related with hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups and aromatic ring was identified in all ginger compounds. Gingerol and shogaol presented good stability at acid and neutral pH at room temperature. All compounds showed better antibacterial effect against Porphyromonas gingivalis than Streptococcus mutans. 10-gingerol and all shogaol groups below 10-6 M presented suitable cytocompatibility for osteoblastic cells compared to control group. All groups showed similar Oxidative stress to control group, and ALP activity in all groups below 10-6 M was not statistically significant compared to control. Hence, this study concludes that shogaol groups presented better antibacterial effect and suitable cytocompatibility than gingerol groups.
ABSTRACT
Ginger has been used worldwide in traditional medicine. It has been reported that phenolic compounds such as gingerol and shogaol in ginger have beneficial cellular effect and antibacterial effect. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gingerol and shogaol on the cytocompatibility for the osteoblastic cells and antibacterial activity against oral microorganisms. Chemical structures of gingerol and shogaol were determined by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). Thermal and pH stability was analyzed by UPLC assay. Streptococcus mutans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis were used to confirm the antibacterial effect of the ginger compounds and MC3T3-E1 cells were used to identify biocompatibility test. Cell viability and bacterial growth was determined by water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-8) colorimetric assay. Cellular morphology was identified with optical microscope after crystal violet staining. Cell differentiation and oxidative stress were evaluated by Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay and hydrogen peroxide colorimetric assay. The chemical bonding related with hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups and aromatic ring was identified in all ginger compounds. Gingerol and shogaol presented good stability at acid and neutral pH at room temperature. All compounds showed better antibacterial effect against Porphyromonas gingivalis than Streptococcus mutans. 10-gingerol and all shogaol groups below 10-6 M presented suitable cytocompatibility for osteoblastic cells compared to control group. All groups showed similar Oxidative stress to control group, and ALP activity in all groups below 10-6 M was not statistically significant compared to control. Hence, this study concludes that shogaol groups presented better antibacterial effect and suitable cytocompatibility than gingerol groups.